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 Certainly! Let's go through each reference format with examples to provide a better understanding:

1. APA (American Psychological Association):

   - In-text citation example: "According to Smith (2020), the findings suggest..."

   - Reference list example: 

     Smith, J. (2020). Title of the article. Journal of XYZ, 15(3), 123-145.

2. MLA (Modern Language Association):

   - In-text citation example: "The author argues that this phenomenon is significant (Johnson 78)."

   - Works cited page example:

     Johnson, A. Title of the Book. Publisher, 2021.

3. Chicago/Turabian:

   - Notes-bibliography example: 

     - In-text citation example: "This idea has been discussed previously.⁴"

     - Bibliography entry example:

       ⁴ Smith, John. Title of the Book. Publisher, 2019.

   - Author-date example:

     - In-text citation example: "According to Smith (2019), this theory is widely accepted."

     - Reference list example:

       Smith, John. 2019. Title of the Book. Publisher.

4. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers):

   - In-text citation example: "The study showed promising results [1]."

   - Reference list example:

     [1] Author(s), "Title of the Article," Title of the Journal, vol. X, no. Y, pp. 123-145, Year.

5. Harvard:

   - In-text citation example: "The concept was first introduced by Smith (2018)."

   - Reference list example: 

     Smith, J. (2018). Title of the Article. Journal of XYZ, 25(2), 67-89.

6. Vancouver:

   - In-text citation example: "Previous studies have shown similar results [3]."

   - Reference list example:

     3. Smith J. Title of the Article. Journal of XYZ. 2020;10(2):45-67.

7. AMA (American Medical Association):

   - In-text citation example: "These findings have been reported previously (Johnson et al., 2019)."

   - Reference list example:

     Johnson A, Smith J, Anderson L. Title of the Article. Journal of XYZ. 2019;15(4):678-690.

Please note that these are simplified examples, and the actual format may vary depending on the specific requirements of the citation style. Additionally, the examples provided are not exhaustive and only serve to illustrate the basic structure and elements of each reference format. It is important to consult the official guidelines for each style for comprehensive instructions on citing different types of sources.

 There are several reference formats available nowadays for citing sources in academic writing. The choice of format often depends on the academic discipline, publication guidelines, or personal preferences. Here are some common reference formats:

1. APA (American Psychological Association): APA style is widely used in social sciences, education, and other fields. It provides guidelines for in-text citations and a reference list at the end of the document.

2. MLA (Modern Language Association): MLA style is commonly used in humanities disciplines, such as literature and language studies. It emphasizes the author-page format for in-text citations and includes a works cited page at the end.

3. Chicago/Turabian: The Chicago Manual of Style is used in various disciplines, including history, arts, and social sciences. It offers two documentation systems: notes-bibliography (often used in humanities) and author-date (common in social sciences).

4. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): IEEE style is predominantly used in engineering, computer science, and related fields. It provides guidelines for citing sources within the text and includes a numbered reference list.

5. Harvard: Harvard referencing is commonly used in the sciences and social sciences. It involves providing in-text citations with the author's name and year of publication and a reference list at the end.

6. Vancouver: Vancouver style is primarily used in biomedical and health sciences. It employs a numbered citation system within the text and a corresponding reference list at the end.

7. AMA (American Medical Association): AMA style is specifically designed for medical and scientific writing. It follows a numeric citation system and includes a reference list in numerical order.

These are just a few examples of reference formats available today. It's important to consult specific guidelines provided by your institution, publisher, or the target journal to ensure that you follow the appropriate format for your academic writing.

more example of each one --->>>>

 The subsections in the introduction section of a PhD thesis can vary depending on the specific research topic and the structure preferred by the researcher. However, here are some common subsections that are often included in the introduction:

1. Background: This subsection provides the necessary context and background information about the research topic. It may include a literature review summarizing relevant studies, theories, or previous research related to the topic. The background section helps to establish the motivation and significance of the research.

2. Research Problem or Research Question: This subsection clearly states the research problem or research question that the thesis aims to address. It defines the main focus of the research and provides a rationale for its importance.

3. Objectives: This subsection outlines the specific objectives or goals of the research. It helps to clarify what the researcher intends to achieve through the study.

4. Scope and Limitations: Here, the researcher defines the research's scope, indicating the study's boundaries and extent. It may also mention any limitations or constraints affecting the research outcomes.

5. Methodology: This subsection briefly describes the research methodology or approach used to conduct the study. It may include information on data collection methods, experimental design, or analytical techniques that will be employed.

6. Significance and Contribution: This subsection highlights the potential significance and contribution of the research. It explains how the findings or outcomes of the study may advance the field or fill gaps in existing knowledge.

7. Organization of the Thesis: This subsection provides an overview of the structure and organization of the thesis. It outlines the main chapters or sections and briefly describes their content.

These subsections serve as a general guideline, and the specific subsections included in the introduction may vary based on the research field's requirements and the researcher's preferences. It's essential to adapt the subsections to suit your research's specific needs and goals.

The general page number for a PhD thesis can vary depending on the specific requirements set by the educational institution and the field of study. However, there are some common guidelines to consider:

1. Title Page and Abstract: Typically, the thesis begins with a title page followed by an abstract summarising the research. These pages are often not numbered.

2. Table of Contents: The table of contents lists the main sections and subsections of the thesis and their corresponding page numbers. Page numbers in the table of contents are usually in Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, etc.).

3. Introduction: The introduction section introduces the research topic, objectives, and provides background information. Page numbering in the main body of the thesis usually starts from the introduction section and uses Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.).

4. Main Body: The main body of the thesis includes chapters or sections that present the research methodology, literature review, results, and analysis. The page numbers continue sequentially throughout this section.

5. Conclusion and Recommendations: The conclusion section summarizes the key findings of the research and provides recommendations. Page numbering continues in sequence from the main body.

6. References/Bibliography: The references or bibliography section lists the sources cited in the thesis. Page numbers usually continue sequentially from the previous section.

7. Appendices: If there are any appendices included, they are typically numbered separately using letters (e.g., Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.).

It's important to note that these guidelines can vary across different institutions and academic disciplines. It is recommended to consult the specific guidelines provided by your institution or department to determine the appropriate page numbering format for your PhD thesis.